ABSTRACT The hepatoprotective activities of two traditionally used plants, Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile, Cleomaceae, and Artemisia annua L., Asteraceae, were recently reported. However, the biologically active metabolites responsible for this activity were not identified. The aqueous extract of C. droserifolia aerial parts, and the polar fraction of A. annua leaves were screened for their antioxidant activities using the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. The in vitro viability of HepG-2 cells treated with CCl4 and the extracts were assessed by MTT assay. The effects of the extracts on the liver enzymes and the total soluble protein in CCl4-intoxicated HepG-2 cells were investigated. An HPLC/PDA/ESI/MS–MS based analysis was carried out for extract of C. droserifolia and polar fraction of A. annua. Both exhibited pronounced free radical scavenging activities (86 and 83%, respectively). Both showed a significant increase in cell viability: 86.43% for the extract of C. droserifolia and 79.32% for polar fraction of A. annua. Only the extract of C. droserifolia (39.6 ± 5.41 and 20.4 ± 6.91 IU/dl, respectively) and polar fraction of A. annua (40.8 ± 2.14 and 24.5 ± 3.11 IU/dl, respectively) restored the levels of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, respectively) compared to the CCl4 intoxicated group (87.5 ± 4.34 and 34.1 ± 8.12 IU/dl, respectively) and other herbal extracts. More than fifty phenolic secondary metabolites were identified in the extracts under investigation. The significant hepatoprotective activities of both extracts seemed to be strongly connected to their content of hydroxycinnamoyl quinic acids and flavonoids.

Abstract Quality of life drastically diminished after radiotherapy due to radiation induced oral complications. Fluoride was found to be helpful in decreasing the incidence of radiation caries; however it has not led to elimination of dental caries. Thus, new techniques containing low fluoride concentration or not containing fluoride at all, as laser irradiation, have been studied to prevent the beginning or progression of caries. So the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of laser surface treatment with or without fluoride on microhardness and ultrastructure of demineralized gamma irradiated enamel; Thirty enamel slabs were allocated into three groups (n=10): G slabs were subjected to gamma irradiation only; GL slabs were subjected to gamma irradiation followed by diode laser and GFL slabs were subjected to gamma irradiation followed by fluoride then diode laser. Slabs were then exposed to demineralizing solution for 72 hours. Examination of slabs was performed using vickers microhardness test and scanning electron microscope; The lowest microhardness was recorded in group G, while inGL and GFL groups it significantly increased. Scanning electron microscope revealed a pronounced loss of central prism core and retention of prism peripheries in group G. Confluence of prismatic and interprismatic structures in GL slabs and irregular rough surface with prismatic boundaries conservation in GFL slabs were detected. Applying laser improved the microhardness and counteracted the adverse effect of gamma radiation. Adding fluoride before laser irradiation had a marked effect on microhardness..

Abstract Radiation combined injury, a life-threatening condition, has higher mortality than simple radiation injury. The aim of the present study was to analyze the efficiency of Aloe vera and silver nanoparticles in improving the healing of ulcerated oral mucosa after irradiation. Thirty male Albino mice were divided into five groups: control, radiation, Aloe vera (AV), silver nanoparticles (NS), and AV+NS. The mice were exposed to whole body 6Gy gamma-radiation. After one hour, 20% acetic acid was injected into the submucosal layer of the lower lip for ulcer induction. The animals received topical treatment with the assigned substances for 5 days. Lip specimens were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and anti alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemical staining. Results demonstrated occurance of ulcer three days post irradiation in all groups except in the AV+NS group where only epithelial detachment was developed. After seven days, data revealed persistent ulcer in radiation group, and almost normal epithelium in the AV+NS group. A significant reduction of epithelial thickness was detected in all groups at the third day as compared to control. At the seventh day, only the AV+NS group restored the epithelial thickness. Area percent of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression was significantly decreased in radiation group at the third day followed by significant increase at the seventh day. However, all treatment groups showed significant increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin at the third day, which decreased to normal level at the seventh day. Our study demonstrated the efficiency of Aloe vera and silver nanoparticles in enhancing ulcer healing after irradiation.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We studied the potential in vitro antischistosomal activity of Cerastes cerastes venom on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. METHODS: Live specimens of the horned viper snake, C. cerastes were collected from the Aswan Governorate (Egypt). Venom was collected from snakes by manual milking. Worms of S. mansoni were obtained from infected hamsters by perfusion and isolated from blood using phosphate buffer. Mortality rates of worms were monitored after 3 days of exposure to snake venom at LC50 and various sublethal concentrations (10, 5, 2.5µg/ml). Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate tegumental changes in treated worms after exposure to LC50 doses of venom. RESULTS: The LC50 of C. cerastes venom was 21.5µg/ml. The effect of C. cerastes venom on Schistosoma worms varied according to their sex. The mortality rate of male and female worms after 48-h exposure was 83.3% and 50%, respectively. LC50 of C. cerastes venom induced mild to severe tegumental damage in Schistosoma worms in the form of destruction of the oral sucker, shrinkage and erosion of the tegument, and loss of some tubercle spines. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that C. cerastes venom exerts potential in vitro antischistosomal activity in a time and dose-dependent manner. These results may warrant further investigations to develop novel schistosomicidal agents from C. cerastes snake venom.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for reproductive tract infections among men and women in a rural community in Bangladesh. METHODS: In the Matlab area a systematic sample of married non-pregnant women aged 15-50 years was drawn from a comprehensive household registration system for married women. A systematic sample of married and unmarried men in the same age group was drawn from a census-derived demographic surveillance list. Private interviews were conducted with 804 women in a clinic, and cervical, vaginal, urinary and serological samples were collected. Urine and blood specimens were obtained from 969 men who were interviewed at home. FINDINGS: The prevalence of bacterial and viral reproductive tract infections was low to moderate. For example, fewer than 1% of the women had a cervical infection. No cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were found. However, among men there was a high level of reported risk behaviour and a low level of protection against infection. CONCLUSION: A low prevalence of reproductive tract infections, coupled with a high level of reported risk behaviour, indicated a need for primary programmes that would prevent an increase in the incidence of reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo de infecciones del aparato reproductor entre los hombres y mujeres de una comunidad rural de Bangladesh. MÉTODOS: En la zona de Matlab, a partir de un sistema completo de registro de hogares de mujeres casadas se obtuvo una muestra sistemática de mujeres no embarazadas de 15-50 años. Se obtuvo además una muestra sistemática de hombres casados y solteros del mismo grupo de edad tomando como base una lista de vigilancia demográfica elaborada con información censal. Se realizaron entrevistas privadas con 804 mujeres en un dispensario, y se obtuvieron muestras cervicouterinas, vaginales, urinarias y serológicas. Se tomaron también muestras de orina y sangre de 969 hombres a los que se entrevistó en su domicilio. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de infecciones bacterianas y víricas del aparato reproductor era entre moderada y baja. Por ejemplo, menos del 1% de las mujeres presentaban infección del cuello del útero. No se halló ningún caso de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficienia humana (VIH). Sin embargo, entre los hombres se detectó una alta frecuencia de comportamientos de riesgo declarados y un bajo nivel de protección contra las infecciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La baja prevalencia de infecciones del aparato reproductor, unida al alto nivel de comportamientos de riesgo declarados, muestra la necesidad de establecer programas de atención primaria que prevengan un aumento de la incidencia de infecciones genitales, de infecciones de transmisión sexual y del VIH.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer la prévalence et les facteurs de risque des infections de l'appareil reproducteur chez les hommes et femmes d'une communauté rurale du Bangladesh. MÉTHODES: Dans la région du Matlab, un échantillon systématique de femmes mariées non enceintes âgées de 15 à 50 ans a été constitué à partir d'un système complet d'enregistrement des ménages et des données sanitaires concernant les femmes mariées. Un échantillon systématique d'hommes mariés ou célibataires de la même tranche d'âge a été établi à partir d'une liste de surveillance démographique obtenue par recensement. Des entretiens individuels ont eu lieu avec 804 femmes dans un dispensaire et des prélèvements cervicaux, vaginaux, urinaires et sérologiques ont été effectués. Des entretiens ont été réalisés et des échantillons de sang et d'urine ont été recueillis chez 969 hommes vus à leur domicile. RÉSULTATS: La prévalence des infections bactériennes et virales de l'appareil reproducteur était faible à modérée. Par exemple, moins de 1 % des femmes étaient porteuses d'une infection du col de l'utérus. Aucun cas d'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) n'a été trouvé. On a cependant rapporté chez les hommes un niveau élevé de comportement à risque et un faible niveau de protection contre les infections. CONCLUSION: Une faible prévalence des infections de l'appareil reproducteur associée à un taux élevé de comportement à risque montre la nécessité de programmes de prévention primaire destinés à empêcher une augmentation de l'incidence des infections de l'appareil reproducteur, des infections sexuellement transmissibles et de l'infection par le VIH.